Chicago Statement on Biblical Application

(December 10-13, 1986)

Articles of Affirmation and Denial

Article I: The Living God

• WE AFFIRM that the one true and living God is the creator and sustainer of all things.
• WE AFFIRM that thisGod can be known through His revelation of Himself in His inerrant written Word.
• WE AFFIRM that this one God exists eternally in three persons, Father, Son, and Holy Spirit, each of whom is fully God.
• WE AFFIRM that this living, acting, speaking God entered into history through the Son Jesus Christ to bring salvation to the human race.
• WE AFFIRM that the revealed character and will of God are the foundation of all morality.
• WE DENY that the human language of Scripture is inadequate to inform us who God is or what Heis like.
• WE DENY that the doctrine of the Trinity is a contradiction or is based upon an unacceptable ontology.
• WE DENY that the notion of God should be accommodated to modern thought which has no place for the concepts of sin and salvation.

Article II: The Savior and His Work

• WE AFFIRM that Jesus Christ is true God, begotten from the Father from all eternity, and also true man, conceived by the Holy Spirit and born of the virgin Mary.
• WE AFFIRM that the indivisible union of full deity with full humanity in the one person of Jesus Christ is essential for His saving work.
• WE AFFIRM that Jesus Christ, through His vicarious suffering, death, and resurrection, is the only Savior and Redeemer of the world.
• WE AFFIRM that salvation is by faith alone in Jesus Christ alone.
• WE AFFIRM that Jesus Christ, as revealed in Scripture, is the supreme model of the godly life that is ours in and through Him.
• WE DENY that Scripture warrantsany proclamation or offer of salvation except on the basis of the saving work of the crucified and risen Christ.
• WE DENY that those who die without Christ can be saved in the life to come.
• WE DENY that persons capable of rational choice can be saved without personal faith in the biblical Christ.
• WE DENY that presenting Jesus Christ as a moral example without reference to His deity and substitutionary atonement does justice to the teaching of Scripture.
• WE DENY thata proper understanding of the love and justiceofGod warrants the hope of universal salvation.

Article III: The Holy Spirit and His Work

• WE AFFIRM that the Holy Spirit is the third person of the Triune Godhead and that His work is essential for the salvation of sinners.
• WE AFFIRM that true and saving knowledge of God is given by the Spirit of God as He authenticates and illuminates the Word of canonical Scripture, of which He is the primary author.
• WE AFFIRM that the Holy Spirit guides the people of God, giving them wisdom to apply Scripture to modem issues and everyday life.
• WE AFFIRM that the church's vitality in worship and fellowship, its faithfulness in confession, its fruitfulness in witness, and its power in mission, depend directly on the power of the Holy Spirit.
• WE DENY that any view that disputes the essential tripersonality of the one God is compatible with the gospel.
• WE DENY that any person can say from the heart that Jesus is Lord apart from the Holy Spirit.
• WE DENY that theHoly Spirit, since the apostolic age, has ever given, or does now give, new normativerevelation to the church.
• WE DENY that the name of renewal should be given to any movement in the church that does not involve a deepened sense of God's judgment and mercy in Christ.

Article IV: The Church and Its Mission

• WE AFFIRM that the inspiration of the Holy Spirit gives the Bible its canonical authority, and the role of the church was and is to recognize and affirm this authority.
• WE AFFIRM that Christ the Lord has established His church on earth and rules it by His Word and Spirit.
• WE AFFIRM that the church is apostolic as it receives and is established upon the doctrine of the apostles recorded in Scripture and continues to proclaim the apostolic gospel.
• WE AFFIRM that identifying marks of local churches are faithful confession and proclamation ofthe Word of God, and responsible administration of baptism and the Lord's Supper.
• WE AFFIRM that churches are subject to the Word of Christ in their order as in their doctrine.
• WE AFFIRM that in addition to their commitment to a local church, Christians may properly involve themselves in parachurch organizations for specialized ministry.
• WE AFFIRM that Christ calls the church to serve Him by its worship, nurture, and witness as His people in the world.
• WE AFFIRM that Christ sends the church into the whole world to summon sinful humanity to faith, repentance, and righteousness.
• WE AFFIRM that the unity and clarity of Scripture encourage us to seek to resolve doctrinal differences among Christians, and so to manifest the oneness of the church in Christ.
• WE DENY that the church can grant canonical authority to Scripture.
• WE DENY that the church is constituted by the will and traditions of men.
• WE DENY that the church can bind the conscience apart from the Word of God.
• WE DENY that the church can free itself from the authority of the written Word of God and still exercise valid discipline in Christ's name.
• WE DENY that the church can accommodate itself to the demands of a particular culture if those demands conflict with scriptural revelation, or if they restrain the liberty of Christian conscience.
• WE DENY that differing cultural situations invalidate the biblical principle of male-female equality or the biblical requirements for their roles in the church.

Article V: Sanctity of Human Life

• WE AFFIRM that God the Creator is sovereign over all human life and mankind is responsible under God to preserve and protect it.
• WE AFFIRM that the sanctityof human life is based on the creation of mankind in the image and likeness of God.
• WE AFFIRM that the life of a human being begins at conception (fertilization) and continues until biological death; thus, abortion (except where the continuance of the pregnancy imminently threatens the mother's physical life), infanticide, suicide, and euthanasia are forms of murder.
• WE AFFIRM that the penal view of social justice is compatible with the sanctityof human life.
• WE AFFIRM that withholding food or water in order to cause or hasten death is a violation of the sanctity of life.
• WE AFFIRM that because advancing medical technology has obscured the distinction between life and death, it is essential to evaluate each terminal case with the greatest care so as to preserve the sanctity of human life.
• WE DENY that the quality of human life has priority over its sanctity.
• WE DENY that the sanctity of pre-natal life negates the propriety of necessary medical procedures to preserve the life of the pregnant mother.
• WE DENY that killing in self-defense, in state-administered capital punishment, or in wars justly fought, is necessarily a violation of the sanctity of human life.
• WE DENY that those who reject a divine basis for moral law are exempt from the ethical and social obligation to preserve and protect innocent human life.
• WE DENY that allowing death without medical intervention to prolong life is always a violation of the sanctity of human life.

Article VI: Marriage and the Family

• WE AFFIRM that the purpose of marriage is to glorify God and extend His Kingdom on earth in an institution that provides for chastity, companionship, procreation and Christian upbringing of children.
• WE AFFIRM that since marriage is a sacredcovenant under God uniting a man and a woman as one flesh, church and state should require faithfulness to God's intention that it be a permanent bond.
• WE AFFIRM that in the marriage pattern ordained by God, the husband as head is the loving servant-leader of his wife, and the wife as helper in submissive companionship is a full partner with her husband.
• WE AFFIRM that loving nurture and discipline of children is a God-ordained duty of parents, and God-ordained obedience to parentsis a duty of children.
• WE AFFIRM that the church has the responsibility to nurture the family.
• WE AFFIRM that honor to parents is a life-long duty of all persons and includes responsibility for the care of the aged.
• WE AFFIRM that the family should perform many services now commonly assumed by the state.
• WE DENY that pleasure and self-fulfillment are the basis of marriage and that hardships are justifiable cause for breaking the marriage covenant.
• WE DENY that the biblical ideal of marriage can be fulfilled either by a couple living together without a lawful marriage covenantor by anyform of same-sex or group cohabitation.
• WE DENY that the state has the right to legitimize views of marriage and the family unit that contravene biblical standards.
• WE DENY that changing social conditions ever make God-ordained marriage or family roles obsolete or irrelevant.
• WE DENY that the state has the right to usurp biblically designated parental responsibility.

Article VII: Divorce and Remarriage

• WE AFFIRMthat themarriage of Adam and Eve as a lifelong monogamous relationship is the pattern for all marriages within the human race.
• WE AFFIRM that God unites husband and wife in every covenanted and consummated marriage, and will hold covenant-breakers morally accountable.
• WE AFFIRM that since the essence of the marriage covenant is life-long commitment to the covenant partner, action in relation to a marital breakdown should at least initially aim at the reconciliation of the partners and restoration of the marriage.
• WE AFFIRM that God hates divorce, however motivated.
• WE AFFIRM that although God hates divorce, in a sinful world separation is sometimes advisable and divorce is sometimes inevitable.
• WE AFFIRM that God forgives repentant sinners, even thosewho have sinned by sundering their marriages.
• WE AFFIRM that the local church has the responsibility to discipline those who violate the biblical standards for marriage, compassionately restore those who repent, and faithfully minister God's grace to those whose lives have been scarred by marital disruption.
• WE DENY that any contradiction exists within Scripture onthe subject ofdivorce and remarriage.
• WE DENY that it is sinful to separate or live apartfrom a promiscuous or abusive spouse.

Article VIII: Sexual Deviations

• WE AFFIRM that Scripture reveals God's standards for sexual relationships, deviation from which is sinful.
• WE AFFIRM that sexual intercourseis legitimate only in a heterosexual marriage relationship.
• WE AFFIRM that God's grace in Christ can deliver men and women frombondage to deviant sexual practice, be they heterosexual or homosexual, and the church must assume responsibility for restoring such members to a life that honors God.
• WE AFFIRM that God loves homosexuals as well as other sinners, and that homosexual temptations can be resisted in the power of Christ to the glory of His grace, just as other temptations can.
• WE AFFIRM that Christians must exercise a compassion,kindness, and forgiveness in the ministry of God's grace to those whose lives have been scarred by sexual deviations.
• WE AFFIRM that human fulfillment does not depend on satisfying sexual drives; hedonism and related philosophies encouraging promiscuous sexuality arewrong and lead to ruin.
• WE AFFIRM that pornography threatens the well-being of individuals, families, and entire societies, and that it is incumbent upon Christians to seek to check its production and distribution.
• WE DENY that homosexual practice can ever please God.
• WE DENY that heredity, childhood conditioning, or other environmental influences can excuse deviant sexual behavior.
• WE DENY that the sexual molestation or exploitation of children in general and incestuous relationships in particular can ever be justified.
• WE DENY that it is hopeless to look for deliverance from homosexual practices or other forms of sexual deviancy.
• WE DENY that the healing of sexual deviancy is aided by condemnation without compassion or by compassion without the application of Scriptural truth, in confident hope.

Article IX: The State Under God

• WE AFFIRM that God established civil government as an instrument of His common grace, to restrain sin, to maintain order, and to promote civil justice and general well-being.
• WE AFFIRM that God gives civil governments the right to use coercive force for the defense and encouragement of those who do good and for the just punishment of those who do evil.
• WE AFFIRM that it is proper and desirable that Christians take part in civil government and advocate the enactment of laws for the common good in accordance with God's moral law.
• WE AFFIRM that it is the duty of Christian people to pray for civil authorities and to obey them, except when such obedience would involve the violation of God's moral law or neglect the God-ordained responsibilities of Christian witness.
• WE AFFIRM that governments have a responsibility before God to establish and enforce laws that accord with God's moral law as it pertains to human relations.
• WE AFFIRM that Christ's rule of the church through His Word must not be confused with the power He grants to civil governments; such confusion will compromise the purity of the gospel and will violate the conscience of individuals.
• WE AFFIRM that when families or churches neglect their biblically defined duties, thus jeopardizing the wellbeing of their members, the state may rightfully intervene.
• WE DENY that the state has the right to usurp authority of other God-given spheres of life, especially in the church and in the family.
• WE DENY that the Kingdom of God can be established by the coercive power of civil governments.
• WE DENY that the state has the right to forbid voluntary prayer and other voluntary religious exercises at an appropriate time in the public school.
• WE DENY that God's providential establishment of a particular government confers special blessing, apart from the government's just and faithful execution of itsduties.
• WE DENY that religious belief is an essential prerequisite to service in civil government, or that its absence invalidates the legal authority of those who govern.
• WE DENY the Kingdom of God can be established by the power of civil governments.
• WE DENY that the government has the right to prescribe specific prayers or forms of religious exercise for its citizens.

Article X: Law and Justice

• WE AFFIRM that the Scriptures are the only infallible record of unchanging moral principles basic to asound jurisprudence and an adequate philosophy of human rights.
• WE AFFIRM that God has impressed His image on the hearts of all people so that they are morally accountable to Him for their actions as individuals and as members of society.
• WE AFFIRM that God's revealed law, the moral nature of mankind, and human legislation serve to restrain the fallen political order from chaos and anarchy and to point humankind to the need for redemption in Jesus Christ.
• WE AFFIRM that the Gospel cannot be legislated and theLaw cannotsave sinners.
• WE DENY that legal positivism, or any other humanistic philosophy of law, is able to satisfy the need for absolute standards of law and justice.
• WE DENY that any person or any society fulfills God's standards so as to justify himself, herself, or itself before the tribunal of God's absolute justice.
• WE DENY that any political, economic, or social order is free from the deadly consequences of original sin or capable of offering a Utopian solution or substitute for the perfect society which Christ alone will establish at His Second Coming.

Article XI: War

• WE AFFIRM that God desires peace and righteousness among nations and condemns wars of aggression.
• WE AFFIRM that lawful states have the right and duty to defend their territories and citizens against aggression and oppression by other powers, including the provision for an adequate civil defense of the population.
• WE AFFIRM that in rightful defense of their territories and citizens governments should only use just means of warfare.
• WE AFFIRM that warring states should strive by every means possible to minimize civilian casualties.
• WE DENY that the cause of Christ can be defended with earthlyweapons.
• WE DENY that Christians are forbidden to use weapons in the defense of lawful states.
• WE DENY that the indiscriminate slaughter of civilians can be a moral form of warfare.
• WE DENY that the circumstances of modern warfare destroy the right and duty of the civil government to defend its territories and citizens.

Article XII: Discrimination and Human Rights

• WE AFFIRM that God, who created man and woman in His image, has granted to all human beings fundamental rights which are to be protected, sustained, and fostered on the natural and spiritual levels.
• WE AFFIRM that all human beings are ultimately accountable to God fortheir use of these rights.
• WE AFFIRM that Christians must uphold and defend the rights of others while being willing to relinquish their own rights for the good of others.
• WE AFFIRM that Christians are admonished to follow the compassionate example of Jesus by helping to bear the burdens of those whose human rights have been diminished.
• WE DENY that any so-called human right which violates the teaching of Scripture is legitimate.
• WE DENY that any act is acceptable that would harm or diminish another person's natural or spiritual life by violating that person's human rights.
• WE DENY that age, disability, economic disadvantage, race, religion, or sex used as a basis for discrimination can ever justify denial of the exercise or enjoyment of human rights.
• WE DENY that elitism or grasping for power are compatible with Christ's call to dedicate our rights to His service.

Article XIII: Economics

• WE AFFIRM that valid economic principles can be found in Scripture and should form an integral part of a Christian world and life view.
• WE AFFIRM that material resources are a blessing from God, to be enjoyed with thanksgiving, and are to be earned, managed, and shared as a stewardship under God.
• WE AFFIRM that Christians should give sacrificially of their resources to support the work of God's church.
• WE AFFIRM that the use of personal and material resources for the proclamation of the gospel is necessary both for the salvation of lost mankind and to overcome poverty where that is fostered by adherence to non-Christian religious systems.
• WE AFFIRM that active compassion for the poor and oppressed is an obligation that God places upon all human beings, especially on those with resources.
• WE AFFIRM that the possession of wealth imposes obligations upon its possessors.
• WE AFFIRM that the love of money is a source of great evil.
• WE AFFIRM that human depravity, greed, and the will to power foster economic injustice and subvert concern forthe poor.
• WE AFFIRM that the Bible affirms the right of private ownership as a stewardship under God.
• WE DENY that Scripture directly teaches any science of economics, although there are principles of economics that can be derived from Scripture.
• WE DENY that Scripture teaches that compassion for the poor must be expressed exclusively through one particular economic system.
• WE DENY that the Scripture teaches that money or wealth is inherently evil.
• WE DENY that Scripture endorses economic collectivism or economic individualism.
• WE DENY that Scripture forbids the use of capital resources to produce income.
• WE DENY that the proper focus of a Christian's hope is material prosperity.
• WE DENYthat Christians should use their resources primarily for self-gratification.
• WE DENY that salvation from sin necessarily involves economic or political liberation.

Article XIV: Work and Leisure

• WE AFFIRM that God created humankind in His image and graciously fitted them for both work and leisure.
• WE AFFIRM that in all honorable work, however menial, God works with and through the worker.
• WE AFFIRM that work isthe divinely ordained means whereby we glorify God and supply both our own needs and the needs of others.
• WE AFFIRM that Christians should work to the best of their ability so as to please God.
• WE AFFIRM that people should both humbly submit to and righteously exercise whatever authorityoperates in their sphere of work.
• WE AFFIRM that in their work people should seek first God's kingdom and righteousness, depending on Him to supply their material needs.
• WE AFFIRM that compensation should be a fairreturn for the work done withoutdiscrimination.
• WE AFFIRM that leisure, in proper balance with work, is ordained by God and should be enjoyed to His glory.
• WE AFFIRM that work and its product have not only temporal but also eternal value when done and used for God's glory.
• WE DENY that persons should pursue their work to fulfill and gratify themselves rather than to serve and please God.
• WE DENY that the rich have more right to leisure than the poor.
• WE DENY that certain types of work give persons greater value in God's eyes than other persons have.
• WE DENY that the Christian should either depreciate leisure or make a goal of it.

Article XV: Wealth and Poverty

• WE AFFIRM that God, who is just and loving, has a special concern for the poor in their plight.
• WE AFFIRM that God calls for responsible stewardship by His people of both their lives and resources.
• WE AFFIRM that sacrificial effort to relievethe poverty,oppression, and suffering of others is a hallmark of Christian discipleship.
• WE AFFIRM that just as the wealthy ought not be greedy so the poor ought not to be covetous.
• WE DENY that we may rightly call ourselves disciples of Christ if we lack active concern for the poor, oppressed, and suffering, especially those of the household of faith.
• WE DENY that we may always regard prosperity or poverty as the measure of our faithfulness to Christ.
• WE DENY that it is necessarily wrong for Christians to be wealthy or for some persons to possess more than others.

Article XVI: Stewardship of the Environment

• WE AFFIRM that God created the physical environment for His own glory and for the good of His human creatures.
• WE AFFIRM that God deputized humanity to govern the creation.
• WE AFFIRM that mankind has more value than the rest of creation.
• WE AFFIRM that mankind's dominion over the earth imposes a responsibility to protect and tend itslife and resources.
• WE AFFIRM that Christians should embrace responsible scientific investigation and its application in technology.
• WE AFFIRM that stewardship of the Lord's earth includes the productive use of its resources which must always be replenished as far as possible.
• WE AFFIRM that avoidable pollution of the earth, air, water, or space is irresponsible.
• WE DENY that the cosmos is valueless apart from mankind.
• WE DENY that the biblical view authorizes or encourages wasteful exploitation of nature.
• WE DENY that Christians should embrace the countercultural repudiation of science or the mistaken belief that science is the hope of mankind.
• WE DENY that individuals or societies should exploit the universe's resources for their own advantage at the expense of other people and societies.
• WE DENY that a materialistic worldview can provide an adequate basis for recognizing environmental values.

For a copy of the original pulbication along with introduction and explenation see the Dallas Theological Seminary archive HERE>>.